First Letter Home

Yes, I know I’ve been a bad boy. This is my first real letter home since arriving in Tunisia over a month ago. I can’t believe it’s only been a month. It feels like a year has already passed by!

The flight over was uneventful aside from my wristwatch dyeing. Three years of flawless performance and then battery death! Since landing in Tunisia, I haven’t had a clock. I haven’t needed a clock. Things here run on their own time. If you tell someone you’ll meet them at 2 o’clock in a cafe, that means you could show up anywhere between 1 and 3pm. Saying “Insha Allah” after agreeing to do something is basically the same as saying “I’ll do it, but in fact, no, I won’t do it”. It’s used as an easy escape, invoking the name of Allah absolves you of any blame or problems down the road for not performing the task.

The first few weeks of my time in Tunisia were filled to the gills with field trips around the north and west of Tunisia. We went to such sites as the ancient Roman and Phoenician cities of Dougga, Carthage, and Utica. One day we drove for about 20 kilometers along the old Roman aqueduct running to Tunis from a spring more than 40 kilometers from town. It’s a truly impressive structure rivaling any other roman monument I’ve seen to date.

On one of our field trips, we stopped off at an old Berber hilltop fortified settlement. It bore a striking resemblance to the Hopi dwellings on the mesas of the desert southwest of America. The construction, the colors, and the people all were the same. The only difference was the language.

The last couple of weeks have fallen in the Islamic month of Ramadan. We’re near the half-way point of the lunar month. Every night I have a big dinner, starting exactly at sunset, with either the family who I rent a room from, or one of the many Tunisian students I’ve met. It’s very interesting to observe who fasts and who doesn’t in Tunisia. I would have expected most of the population to fast as they do in most other Islamic countries. Instead maybe only 50% fast, and of those, most don’t strictly fast. Up until maybe ten or fifteen years ago, the government banned fasting to increase productivity and keep the country strong. Since the overthrow of the old president, Habib Bourgiba, in 1987 by his one-time prime minister, Ben Ali, Tunisia has become more Islamic. It’s still a far cry from even Egypt or Morocco though.

Classes have been going well. I’m taking a women’s study class, an environmental case study class, a Mediterranean cultures class, and an Arabic language class. I’m registered for a total of 17 credits. Between class, Ramadan, and other responsibilities, I’m kept very busy! Unfortunately, the majority of my time is spent trying to get from point A to point B and back again.

Transportation in Tunis is actually very easy but it takes a long time to get anywhere. To go from my apartment to school, we get a ride with the family in the back of their little delivery van to where they work. That takes anywhere between 15 minutes and an hour, depending on traffic. Rather than stick to the big highways which are always bumper to bumper and most of the time complete gridlock, we drive through neighborhoods at reckless speeds. Traffic here isn’t as bad as in Egypt or Morocco, but it’s quite different than Oregon! Lanes are disregarded as well as most stop signs and stop lights. Instead, whoever is the boldest goes first. Sometimes, two way roads are turned into one way streets when enough traffic decides to go down the wrong lane. Pedestrians are completely disregarded unless there’s a real danger of hitting one. No one wants to get a dent in their car, especially from a pedestrian. When there is traffic control, it’s provided by the many police officers. Instead of having a welfare system like the USA has, Tunisia hires unemployed people into the police force. As you can imagine, almost every street corner has two or three uniformed officers. Watching some of these people try to direct traffic is really funny. A perfectly fine intersection can be changed into a traffic nightmare within minutes of a police officer arriving on the scene. People joke that since there’s no crime to speak of in Tunisia, the police have to create traffic jams just so they have something to do. The police also make a habit of pulling over cars at random for searches and, at times, arrests. Whenever I’ve been pulled over in a car, as soon as they see that I’m a “tourist”, they wave us on our way. Otherwise, we could expect a 20 or 30 minute search of all of our possessions and the possible forfeiture of our documents.

Anyway, once we get dropped off, it’s anywhere between a 20 minute and 40 minute walk. The majority of our time seems to be spent trying to cross one very large and busy intersection. A major highway to the north and another major highway to the west intersect in a stoplight. We have to cross from one corner to the exact opposite corner. Sometimes we end up stuck in between two lanes with cars whizzing by going opposite directions. It’s a real adrenaline rush in the morning.

Our school is in a neighborhood called Hayatt Al Khader (The Green Town). The neighborhood, in fact, is anything but green. It’s a typical dusty borough. Most of the houses and buildings are finished, but many are in various stages of construction. The joke among Tunisians is that the entire country is in a perpetual state of construction. Since independence from France in 1956, Tunisia has had a sustained building boom, trying to catch up for the previous 100 years when Tunisians weren’t allowed to build anything for themselves. I wonder how much longer this housing boom can be sustained. Government statistics say that something like 19 out of 20 people own their own home or flat in Tunisia. I expect that the good times will run out soon. Most likely, the government will try to prop up the housing market for a while before they let it collapse or change its focus to civic projects.

The school itself consists of a couple of different blocks of buildings roughly in a C shape. In the middle of the C, there’s a large chunk of ground taken up by an elementary school. Our school is part of the University of the 7th of November at Carthage system. In the rapid expansion of Tunis, the different departments and colleges of the University were flung far and wide around the city. Our branch is only for languages such as French, English, German, Russian, Japanese, Spanish, and others. Other schools are only for engineering or the humanities or whatever. The buildings are all whitewashed and are multi story. The building that we have all of our classes in is three stories tall with a central open section housing the only staircase between the floors. It’s also the building that everyone is forced to enter through. There are security guards at the only unlocked entrance to the school to make sure rabble rousers aren’t allowed into the school grounds. On several occasions we’ve seen them take potential troublemakers outside. Most likely the kids are just kicked to the curb, but if they’re known radicals, they’ll be arrested and beat up. That said, some protests are allowed. I’ve seen several protests for school reform on the bottom of the staircase. Usually it consists of one or two students yelling for smaller class sizes and more options. Maybe twenty or forty students will stand around in a semi circle listening.

Sometimes I feel like a rock star and other times I feel like the new playtoy of the school. Everyone wants to talk with us and try out their English. It’s hard to get them to talk to us in Arabic or French. Also, it’s hard to speak Arabic so I suppose English is the best answer. Usually, I go directly to the classroom to avoid the many students, mostly women, who try to talk to me and say hello and whatnot. It almost feels like a reality television show! Outside of school, most people try to talk to me in French. They’re shocked when I talk to them in Arabic. My Arabic is still really basic though so communicating is challenging at times. One nice thing for communicating but bad for learning Arabic is that almost everyone in Tunis speaks at least three languages, one of which is English. The problem with this trilingual city is that there isn’t a real distinction between French or English or Arabic. All three are blended together in this funny fusion of languages. Farther south or west in cities such as Bizerte or Kairouan, the people speak Arabic and a little French. The Arabic outside of Tunis is much easier to understand as less dialect has managed to creep into the day-to-day language.

In the next few weeks, I’ll have a five day vacation to celebrate the “change” on November 7, 1987, when the original president since independence, Habib Bourgiba, was “retired” by the current president, Ben Ali. Originally, several of us had planned to go to Libya but that fell through this last weekend when it became apparent we wouldn’t get the visas in time. It takes about 30 days to secure the appropriate papers to travel to Libya. I think once the program ends in December, I’ll head to Libya with my parents for a few days. Since Libya is out, now we’re looking at Malta or Sicily or one of the other nearby islands in the Mediterranean. I think by Thursday we’ll know where we’re going.

Mid November will see me back in the USA for two days to attend a design contest in Anaheim California. I will be gone from Tunisia a total of four days, two of which will be spent in airplanes. It will be very tiring but I hope that it’s rewarding too. Hopefully when I go back to the USA, I’ll be able to give someone a few CD’s worth of pictures that they’ll post online for me. I’ve been getting a bunch of good shots but I don’t have the ability to upload them from Tunisia.

That brings me to a good topic. The internet in Tunisia is painfully slow. Internet Cafes run off of a single shared 56k modem connection. Anywhere between five and 15 computers will be sharing one dialup modem! It’s painful. To check my email it usually takes me two hours and about three dollars. That might not sound like much, but in a country where everything takes a long time, those two hours are a lot! Also, checking the internet every day or two would quickly add up into a large bill. I usually find myself checking my email once or twice a week. Hopefully once I’m on my own starting in December, I’ll be able to get a place with its own phone line and get DSL. I hear DSL is something like 250 dollars a month but it’d be so worth it. You have no idea the pain involved in checking my email!

Well that’s it for now. Email me if you have any specific questions or want to hear more about something and I’ll see about including it in the next update. Maybe next time I’ll send one sooner.

The Tunisian Phosphate Industry

Overview

Phosphates. Ask ten people on the streets of any major American city what phosphates are used in and nine of those people won’t be able to name one product. Ask them where phosphates come from and most would only be able to answer “the ground” if anything at all. So what, exactly, are phosphates, why are they important, and how are they produced?

Phosphates appear in a broad range of products and are present in trace amounts almost everywhere in the world. The chemical formula for phosphate is P2O5.1 Some common uses for phosphates are for fertilizers, especially in acidic soil, cosmetics, explosives, and other such products. Without phosphates, many of the marginal agricultural lands of the earth could not be farmed. Also, industrial agriculture would not be possible as phosphate is used to recharge the soil faster and without the need to change crops or leave fields fallow.

To get phosphate, one must extract it from rock. Approximately 90% of the world’s reserves of phosphates are contained in sedimentary rock. The other 10% is found in igneous rock.2 Tunisia’s deposits are exclusively sedimentary. Also, Tunisia’s deposits are very rich in the carbonate-fluorapatite form of phosphate, otherwise known as francolite. Francolites with high carbonate for phosphate substitution are the most highly reactive and are the most suitable for direct application as fertilizers. This means that Tunisia’s phosphate reserves are very profitable. In fact, they are some of the best in the world, being in the top 8% of profitable reserves. 3 The extraction process for francolite rich sedimentary rock such as in Tunisia compared to igneous rock found in places such as Canada or South Africa is much easier, less expensive, and cheaper. To turn igneous rock into fertilizer takes much more energy and many more chemicals.4 Tunisia’s rock, after some refining, can be applied directly to the fields of the world.

The extraction process for the phosphate deposits in Tunisia works something like this: Large swaths of overburden, or the top layer of soil, are cleared in strip mine operations to reveal the thick beds of phosphate rich rock beneath. This rock is separated from the earth by various means, most of which involve explosives or large machines that make loud noises, it is then loaded into railway cars and hauled to the refining plants. Tunisia’s primary phosphate reserves are in the Gafsa region in the central Tell. Refining centers are located on the central coast clustered between Gabes and Sfax. Railway cars full of ore roll toward the coast day and night to supply the refining operations around the Gulf of Gabes.5

At the refineries, the rock is washed, dried, tumbled, crushed, run through reactors, and in general poked and prodded, until the phosphates separate out from the other constituents of the ore. Sulfur is extensively used in the processing which leads to very smelly refineries and the need to import large quantities of sulfur into Tunisia. Tunisia has no significant deposits of sulfur. The waste is mainly comprised of phosphogypsum which can either take the form of a solid pile, a liquid solution involving either fresh or salt water, or as dust blown by the wind.6

Tunisia mainly exports raw phosphate to countries such as France, Russia, and Italy. Domestically, phosphates are refined into explosives for the mining industry, some cosmetics, and fertilizer. Homegrown infrastructure to produce cosmetics or fertilizer on an exportable scale hasn’t materialized as of yet. Maybe in another few years, Tunisia will be exporting finished goods produced with its own locally mined phosphates.

Current Issues

By far, the biggest issue facing Tunisia’s phosphate industry today is pollution. The Gulf of Gabes between Sfax, Gabes, and the Kerkennah Islands is one of the most polluted places in all of the Mediterranean Sea. This is a result of several factors including not treating the liquid effluent streams of the refineries, and the massive accumulation of phosphogypsum piles which are unprotected from the elements.7

Recently, the European Union gave Tunisia a series of loans and grants to expedite the cleanup process of the Gulf of Gabes. These loans total more than 45 million Euros in aid to solve the phosphogypsum problem, treat the liquid effluent from the plants, and help clean up the Gulf.8 Were it not for the particular situation of the phosphate plants and the flow of the tides and currents, contamination from the phosphate industry would have spread far beyond the Gulf of Gabes and into the Mediterranean as a whole. Due to the tidal patterns of the Gulf, most of the pollution is kept very close to the shore between Sfax and Gabes. Even so, communities in Europe and other countries which have beach-front property are nervous about the possibility of more general contamination. Unlike in some places, such as America, the Europeans look a little wider when they search for pollution problems.

Phosphogypsum is a rather nasty substance. In the United States, phosphogypsum is specifically covered under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: 40 CFR Part 61 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants; National Emission Standard for Radon Emissions From Phosphogypsum Stacks.9 Aside from piling up in significant quantities wherever phosphate is processed, phosphogypsum also effuses radon gas which is radioactive. This means that phosphogypsum is inherently radioactive at some level. Exposure to high enough quantities, such as working for many years in a dust filled environment or through drinking water, could introduce enough radiation into the body to have the same effects as uranium refining tailings. In fact, many groups within America are calling for standards dealing with the treatment of phosphogypsum to be raised to the uranium tailing standards. Specifically,

“Firstly, the uranium tailings standards require a double composite liner with two geomembranes and an underlying layer of 3 feet of compacted soil with minimum hydraulic conductivity of 1×10-7 cm/sec. The gypsum standards require only one geomembrane and 2 feet of compacted gypsum with minimum hydraulic conductivity of 1×10-4 cm/sec (or an underlying 18-inch layer of compacted soil with maximum hydraulic conductivity of 1×10-7 cm/sec, which has not been used in any of the four cases analyzed in Section 4).

Second, the uranium tailings standards require a leachate collection system that is also used as detection system. If the measured volume of liquids recovered exceeds a pre-determined action leakage rate, a response action plan is set in motion to mitigate or stop any leaks. In the gypsum case, leakage through the liner is expected and it is actually calculated in the technical reports presented in the permitting process.”10

In Tunisia, phosphogypsum is currently contained by dumping it in large warehouses. When it rains or when the wind blows, phosphogypsum gets spread around the general vicinity of these warehouses. Long hot and dry summers in Tunisia mean that there are many phosphogypsum particulates floating around in the atmosphere.

Future Possibilities and Problems

To deal with the phosphogypsum, Tunisia has decided to burry it somewhere in the interior of the country where it will have minimal environmental impact. It will be moved by rail from the coast to big pits. A top layer of clay will be used to cap the phosphogypsum, effectively entombing it underground.11 However, the chances for radon leaching from the ground in areas where phosphogypsum has been buried will be quite high. Also, ground water intrusion into phosphogypsum dumps will slowly pollute the surrounding aquifers. This is, however, better than Spain’s approach. Up until the last ten years, all of the phosphogypsum from the plant in Huelva, Spain dumped directly into the salt marsh system. A dam was completed recently to allow for some settling of the phosphogypsum, but a large portion still flows freely into the salt marshes.12

Aside from the pollution problems afflicting Tunisia’s phosphate industry, Tunisia is also in danger of running out of phosphate rich rock. Some sources predict that in the nest 25 to 50 years, Tunisia will have depleted its commercially viable phosphate deposits. Tunisia is estimated to have between 100 000 000 and 600 000 000 tons of phosphate reserves. Tunisia produces 8 000 000 tons of phosphate rock per year. Conservative estimates give Tunisia twelve years before the reserves are exhausted. More liberal estimates, accounting for evolution in phosphate extraction technology, suggest that Tunisia has about 70 years before depletion.13 Of course, as the reserves decline, the easiest phosphate will be gone, leaving harder to mine reserves, which will result in a gradual slowing of production, much like the oil industry in Tunisia is currently experiencing as its primary oil fields are nearing depletion.

Despite all of the challenges and uncertainties facing the Tunisian phosphate industry, it is still a key part of the Tunisian economy, accounting for one third of all exports from the port of Sfax alone.14 Whole regions of the country such as Gafsa rely on the income that phosphate production provides. When the good times run out, Gafsa, Sfax, Gabes, and the railways will be faced with a severe overabundance of labor and deficit money. As Tunisia doesn’t have significant natural resource reserves beyond phosphate, Tunisia will be forced to become more dependant on renewable and sustainable methods for production of employment and revenue. Tunisia already employs tourism and agriculture in this respect but other areas will need to be found.

For the next 75 years, phosphates will continue to play a large roll in Tunisia, but one day, not too far in the future, phosphate production will no longer be a significant part of the Tunisian economy. Even after the mines have closed and the refineries shut, the environmental legacy of phosphate production will be felt for many years to come. Even transitory industries leave a permanent mark on the land.

Notes

1. ____________. World Phosphate Deposits. (11/26/2004)

2. ____________. World Phosphate Deposits. (11/26/2004) 3. Michalski1, Bernedette. THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF TUNISIA. http://fluoridealert.org/articles/phosphate01/ (11/26/2004)

4. ____________. World Phosphate Deposits. (11/26/2004)

5. ____________. Economy. (11/26/2004)

6. ___________. Management of Phosphate Tailings. (11/26/2004)

7. EIB.Transboundary Cases of Industrial Pollution: European Involvement in Tunisian Phosphogypsum Cleanup. https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/index.htm?press=2830 (11/27/2004)

8. EIB.Transboundary Cases of Industrial Pollution: European Involvement in Tunisian Phosphogypsum Cleanup. https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/index.htm?press=2830 (11/27/2004)

9. ___________. Management of Phosphate Tailings. (11/26/2004)

10. ___________. Management of Phosphate Tailings. (11/26/2004)

11. EIB.Transboundary Cases of Industrial Pollution: European Involvement in Tunisian Phosphogypsum Cleanup. https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/index.htm?press=2830 (11/27/2004)

12. ___________. Management of Phosphate Tailings. (11/26/2004)

13. ____________. World Phosphate Deposits. (11/26/2004)

14. ____________. Tunisia. https://www.polpred.com/en/er/tunisia.htm (11/26/2004)

Bibliography

EIB.Transboundary Cases of Industrial Pollution: European Involvement in Tunisian Phosphogypsum Cleanup. https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/index.htm?press=2830 (11/27/2004)

Michalski1, Bernedette. THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF TUNISIA. http://fluoridealert.org/articles/phosphate01/ (11/26/2004)

Overview of the mineral industry including recent moves to privatize certain sectors.

____________. Economy. (11/26/2004)

An overview of the Tunisian economy from the German perspective. Sections pertain to the phosphate industry.

___________. Management of Phosphate Tailings. (11/26/2004)

A series of abstracts and excerpts of articles and papers on phosphate tailings. Many multiple authors contained within. If access to this journal was available, these sources would provide a real wealth of information.

____________. Tunisia. https://www.polpred.com/en/er/tunisia.htm (11/26/2004)
An overview of the Tunisian economy as presented from the Russian perspective. Contains sections specifically on the phosphate industry.

____________. World Phosphate Deposits. (11/26/2004)

Gives data on tonnage of phosphate production, phosphate reserves, types of phosphate reserves, methods for extraction, etc.

Additional Resources

CITET. Air Quality. (7/1/2004)

Lists legislation and regulations for air quality in Tunisia. Includes the decree setting up the ACTV (Vehicle Technical Monitoring Unit) which CITET runs to monitor industries in Tunisia.

CITET. Cleaner Industry. (7/1/2004)

Lists legislation in Tunisia covering industrial pollution in Tunisia. Includes legislation on sewage and waste water treatment, legislation on solid waste, and general legislation including a law which regulates environmental impact studies.

CITET. Marine Environment. (7/1/2004)

List of legislation regarding the marine environment passed by Tunisia. Includes laws on fishing, public maritime domain, national land-use and town-planning codes, national emergency intervention plans to deal with marine pollution, monitoring, managing, and disposing of wastes in the sea, etc.

CITET. Water and Waste Water Management. (7/1/2004)

List of Tunisian legislation dealing with water and waste water management. Includes laws and decrees dealing specifically with regulations governing discharges into the environment, into the public sewage system, use of waste water for cropland irrigation, etc.

Hamdy, Karim. Islamic Perspectives on Natural Resources Management and Sustainability. Corvallis: Oregon State University, 2000.

Outlines the Islamic perspective on resource management and sustainability as outlined in religious writings such as the Koran.

Harris, Frances. Global Environmental Issues. Chippenham: Antony Rowe, 2004.

Course textbook covering global environmental issues. Includes case studies of specific environmental challenges.

Plan Bleu. Issues and Concerns: Costal Regions in the Mediterranean. (7/1/2004)

Discusses the costal regions of the countries surrounding the Mediterranean. Highlights dangers of increased population in costal areas to the sea, biodiversity, and historical sites.

Plan Bleu. Issues and Concerns: Free trade and the environment in Euro-Mediterranean context. (7/1/2004)

Reviews issues involved with international free trade and the environment. Lists additional resources and documents on the topic of free trade and the environment.

Plan Bleu. Issues and Concerns: Water in the Mediterranean Region. (7/1/2004)

Outlines water resource issues focusing on the use and overuse of aquifers in the Mediterranean basin including countries such as Libya and Palestine where more than 100% of the renewable water resources are being used.

Tunisia Online. Environment. (7/1/2004)

Gives general background information on Tunisia’s environmental policy. Includes list of agencies, offices, and ministries which are governmental stakeholders in the environmental debate in Tunisia.

The Chotts

Tunisia’s wealth lies not in its phosphates or its olives but instead in the great salt pans of the interior. Once, long ago, these salt flats were shallow seas supporting a diverse variety of plant and animal life. They were even deep enough to support a roman galleon, at least supposedly. The archeological work on the find was a bit sketchy as the excavator was one of the primary supporters of connecting Chott Jerid to the sea. There is, however, a good chance that such vessels did in fact ply many of the now dried up inland seas of Tunisia.

Declining rainfall caused, no doubt, by the same climate change that dried up the Sahara, changed these seas of water into seas of salt. Now days, when crossing the Chotts, one is more likely to see a mirage and blowing salt than real water and seagulls. Of course, there is an exception to every rule, such as when our group crossed the Chott late at night in the middle of November. We found a Chott full of water. As far as we could see, the water glistened in the moonlight. Times like these are important in the Chott as these moisture events provide the catalyst to create new and bizarre salt and gypsum formations. After all, what would the man who owns a shop square in the middle of the Chott sell to tourists if it weren’t for these desert roses and salt sculptures?

A Chott full of water or even recently full of water is a dangerous place. Walk off of the causeway or a known safe path and you take your life in your own hands. Beneath a seemingly safe salt crust might lay quicksand or deep black mud waiting to swallow up unsuspecting people and camels. Stories of such things abound around the oasis jump-off points on either side of Chott Jerid. One story says that 1000 camels and their drivers were swallowed in the Chott when they went off the beaten path.

Back in the heyday of the camel caravan, it used to be a few days journey to make it across the Chott. The main route between Douz and Kebili was clearly marked with the trunks of palm trees stuck upright in the salt flats. There was a raised island of salt in the middle of the Chott where camels and humans could spend the night or the day, depending on the season, before continuing on their way to the other side. Now, that raised bit of land is where the Chott gift shop is setup.

Several times over the last 150 years, people have gotten the idea in their heads that the Chotts of Tunisia should be converted back into lakes. Once, right after the completion of the Suez Canal, the French looked into digging a canal all the way into Chott Jerid to flood it with sea water. If this had been completed and it had worked, it would have destroyed all of the desert oases of Tunisia where the highest quality dates are produced, not to mention completely obliterate the oasis complex around Gabes where the canal would have cut through. Luckily, it was found that, in fact, the Chotts were at least 10 meters above sea level, and after the death of the main proponent of the canal project, the whole idea dried up for many years.

Again, the idea of flooding the Chotts surfaced in the mid 60’s when the Plowshares, an atomic energy group in America, decided that creating a trench to the interior of Tunisia was a good idea and the best way to do it was with atom bombs. The idea was to blast a trench from the sea all the way to the interior of the country – possibly as far as Algeria! The only side effects would have been some “localized radiation fallout that will be inconsequential and not adversely affect the greater environment”. Had such a crazy scheme been carried out, the entire south and middle of Tunisia would be one big radioactive wasteland.

For now, it appears that Tunisia is happy with leaving the Chotts alone. Aside from an airstrip or two and a couple of causeways, the Chotts remain untouched. Gone are the camel caravans of old, now replaced with long haul trucks and tour busses. The idea remains the same though. Cross the Chott as soon as possible and don’t get lured in by the mirages. Maybe one day in the future, once the climate shifts to being wetter and cooler in this part of the world, the Chotts once more will be great inland seas, but until that time, I think that Tunisia will just have to be content with salt pans and the occasional salt sea. Anyway, if they ever did try to fill the Chotts with water, be it fresh or salt, it would do little good for agriculture as the whole area is permeated with salt to such a degree that nothing will grow there, even when there is moisture. It will require a massive climate shift and many tens if not hundreds of years of a high water flow through the Chotts and out to the sea before the area is ready to support edible plants and animals. Until then, we can observe the beauty of the Chotts at night under a full moon.